In short
Specialised liver CT or MRI can diagnose hepatocellular carcinoma without a biopsy in many people with cirrhosis. An AFP blood test may be raised but is not reliable on its own. A biopsy is used when imaging is unclear or a different cancer is possible. This is general information. A liver specialist interprets the scans.
The liver is a common place for other cancers to spread. Imaging and history distinguish primary liver cancer from metastases.
Why might I not need a biopsy?
In cirrhosis, a typical pattern on contrast MRI or CT is accepted as diagnostic for hepatocellular carcinoma in UK practice. That avoids the bleeding risk of a needle through a damaged liver.
What does AFP measure?
Alpha-fetoprotein can be raised in liver cancer. It is also raised for other reasons. It is a helper, not a screening test for the general public.
What other tests are done?
Hepatitis B and C tests, liver function, and an assessment of cirrhosis (including whether transplant might be possible) shape the treatment plan.
What are the key takeaways?
- Specialist MRI or CT often confirms hepatocellular carcinoma.
- AFP is not a stand-alone test.
- Hepatitis status changes treatment and prevention for others in the family.
Care like this is out of reach for millions
The diagnosis, screening and treatment described here are routine in the UK. In Pakistan, Indonesia and Malaysia, poverty puts them out of reach — so a treatable cancer too often becomes a fatal one. World Aid Network funds treatment through locally-licensed oncologists for patients who cannot pay.
Frequently asked questions
Is ultrasound enough?
It is used for surveillance. A mass still needs CT or MRI.
Why test for hepatitis?
Untreated infection drives liver cancer and can be treated. Household contacts may need vaccination.
Does WAN diagnose liver cancer in the UK?
No. We fund overseas treatment bills.
This guide is general information, not medical advice. It was reviewed by the World Aid Network editorial team for accuracy against NHS and World Health Organization sources. Always speak to a GP or qualified clinician about your own health.