In short
If a testicular lump might be cancer, a GP refers you for an urgent scrotal ultrasound. Blood tests measure AFP, HCG and LDH — tumour markers that help type the cancer and plan treatment. A chest X-ray or CT looks for spread. Diagnosis is usually confirmed when the testicle is removed, not by cutting into it in the scrotum.
Do not let embarrassment delay ultrasound. It is a standard, private scan and the fastest way to explain a lump.
Why ultrasound first?
Ultrasound distinguishes a cyst, a hydrocele and a solid lump that needs surgery. It does not use radiation.
What do tumour markers mean?
AFP and HCG can be raised in some germ-cell tumours. They are not a screening test for well men. They guide treatment and follow-up after surgery.
Why is the testicle removed to diagnose?
Cutting into a testicular cancer through the scrotum can spread cells. An inguinal orchidectomy — removing the testicle through a groin incision — is both diagnosis and first treatment.
What are the key takeaways?
- Urgent ultrasound is the first specialist test.
- Marker blood tests help type the tumour.
- The diagnostic operation is usually through the groin, not the scrotum.
Care like this is out of reach for millions
The diagnosis, screening and treatment described here are routine in the UK. In Pakistan, Indonesia and Malaysia, poverty puts them out of reach — so a treatable cancer too often becomes a fatal one. World Aid Network funds treatment through locally-licensed oncologists for patients who cannot pay.
Frequently asked questions
Will I need both testicles removed?
Almost never for a first cancer. One testicle is enough for hormone production in most men.
Are markers always raised?
No. Some tumours do not produce AFP or HCG. Ultrasound and surgery still go ahead.
Does WAN offer UK ultrasound?
No. We fund overseas hospital bills.
This guide is general information, not medical advice. It was reviewed by the World Aid Network editorial team for accuracy against NHS and World Health Organization sources. Always speak to a GP or qualified clinician about your own health.